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Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis


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Lyon MR, Cline JC, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Shan JJ, Pang P, Benishin C. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2001. Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. 2001 May;26(3):221-8.


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Ginsenosides have been shown to possess neurotrophic effects. The ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 have been shown to potentiate the effects of nerve growth factor, which is a critical endogenous neurotrophic substance.
This suggests that long-term administration on ginseng extract may have the potential to promote the growth of underdeveloped brain regions in those with ADHD.



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[1] Xue JF, Liu ZJ, Hu JF, Chen H, Zhang JT, Chen NH. Ginsenoside Rb1 promotes neurotransmitter release by modulating phosphorylation of synapsins through a cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. Brain Res. 2006 Aug 23;1106(1):91-8. Epub 2006 Jul 11.
[2] Benishin CG. Actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on choline uptake in central cholinergic nerve endings. Neurochem Int. 1992 Jul;21(1):1-5.
[3] Sloley BD, Pang PK, Huang BH, Ba F, Li FL, Benishin CG, Greenshaw AJ, Shan JJ. American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1999 Nov;24(5):442-52.
[4] Abe K, Cho SI, Kitagawa I, Nishiyama N, Saito H. Differential effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and malonylginsenoside Rb1 on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of rats. Brain Res. 1994 Jun 27;649(1-2):7-11.
[5] Samira MM, Attia MA, Allam M, Elwan O. Effect of the standardized Ginseng Extract G115 on the metabolism and electrical activity of the rabbit's brain. J Int Med Res. 1985;13(6):342-8.
[6] Himi T, Saito H, Nishiyama N. Effect of ginseng saponins on the survival of cerebral cortex neurons in cell cultures. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1989 Feb;37(2):481-4.
[7] Rudakewich M, Ba F, Benishin CG. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rg(1). Planta Med. 2001 Aug;67(6):533-7.
[8] Kim YC, Kim SR, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 protect cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res. 1998 Aug 15;53(4):426-32.
[9] Kim S, Ahn K, Oh TH, Nah SY, Rhim H. Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides on NMDA receptor-mediated signals in rat hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 16;296(2):247-54.
[10] Kim S, Kim T, Ahn K, Park WK, Nah SY, Rhim H. Ginsenoside Rg3 antagonizes NMDA receptors through a glycine modulatory site in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Oct 15;323(2):416-24.

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[1] Lyon MR, Cline JC, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Shan JJ, Pang P, Benishin C. J Psychiarty
Neurosci. 2001. Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. 2001 May;26(3)¡§221-8.

[2] Negi KS, Singh YD, Kushwaha KP, Rastogi CK, Rathi AK, Srivastava JS.
Clinical evaluation of memory enhancing properties of Memory Plus in
children with attention deficit Hyperactivity disorder. Indian J Psychiatry
2000; 42: 42-50.


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[1] Kidd PM. 1999. A review of nutrients and botanical in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 4:38-43
[2] Bruni A,Toffano G.1982. Lysophophatidylserine, a short-lived intermediate with plasma membrane regulatory properties. Pharmaco Res Commun 14(6):469-484
[3] Yoshimura T, Sone S. 1990 Role of phosphatidylserine in membrane actions of tumor necrosis factor and interfoerons alpha and gamma. Biochem Int 20(4):697-705
[4] Cohen SA,Mueller WE.1992. Age related alterations in the mouse forebrain:partial restoration by chronic phosphatidylserine treatment. Brain Res 584: 174-180
[5] Moynagh PN, Williams DC.1992. Stabilization of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine acceptor by specific phospholipids. Biochem Pharmacol 43(9): 1939-1945
[6] D.O.Kennedy, C.F Haskell, P.L Mauri, A.B Scholey.2007. Acute cognitive effects of standardized Ginkgo biliba extract conplexed with phosphatidylserine. Hum.Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2007 ;22:199-210
[7] Pedata F et.al. 1985. Phosphatidylserine increases acetylcholine release from cortical slices in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 6(4): 337-339
[8] Benowitz LI et.al. 2000. ¡ÈGAP-43:an intrinsic determinant of neuronal development and plasticity¡É. Trends Neurosci 20(2):84-91
[9] Gianotti C et.al. 1993. B-50/GAP-43 phosphorylation in hippocampal slices from aged rats: effects of phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol Aging 14(5): 401-406
[10] ¼ò°æ Àµ»Î, ²ÃÆ£ ¹ë¿Í. 2010. ÂçƦ¥Û¥¹¥Õ¥¡¥Á¥¸¥ë¥»¥ê¥ó¤ÎǾµ¡Ç½²þÁ±¸ú²Ì Anti-aging Science 2(2): 57-61
[11] Calderon C, Huang ZH, Gage DA, et.al. 1994. Isolation of a nitric oxide inhibitor from mammary tumor cells and its characterization as phosphatidylserine. J Exp Med 180: 945-958
[12] Venema RC, Sayegh HS, Arnal JF, et.al. 1995. Role of enzyme calmodulin-binding domain in membrane association and phospholipid inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Bio Chem 270: 14705-14711
[13] Monastra G,Gross AH, Bruni A et.al. 1993. Phosphatidylserine, a putative inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor, prevents autoimmune demyelinaction. Neurology 43: 153-163
[14] Angelucci L, Ramacci MT, Taglialatela G, et.al. 1988. Nerve growth factor binding in aged rat central nervous system: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine. J Neuroscience Res 20:491-496
[15] Nunzi MG, Milan F, Guidolin D, Toffano G. 1987. Dendritic spine loss in hippocampus of aged rats Effect of brain phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol Aging 8:501-510
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[17] Monteleone P,Beinat L, Tanzillo C, et.al. 1990. Effects of phosphatidylserine on the neuroendocrine response to physical stress in humans. Neuroendocrinology 52:243-248
[18] Monteleone P, Maj M, Beinat L, et.al. 1992. Blunting by chronic hosphatidylserine administration of the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 42:385-388
[19] Maggioni M, Picotti GB, Bondiolotti GP,et.al. Effects of hosphatidylserine therapy in geriatric patients with depressive disdoers. Acta psychiatr Scand 81:265-270
[20] Crook T,Petrie W, Wells C, Massari DC. 1992. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer¡Çs disease. Psychopharmacol 42:385-388
[21] Amaducci L. 1988. Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer¡Çs disease: results of a multicenter study. Psychopharmacol Bull 24:130-134
[22] Parris M. 1999. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integratetive management of cognitive dysfunction. Alternative Medicine Review 4(3):144-161

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[1] Kidd PM. 1999. A review of nutrients and botanical in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 4:38-43
[2] Bruni A,Toffano G.1982. Lysophophatidylserine, a short-lived intermediate with plasma membrane regulatory properties. Pharmaco Res Commun 14(6):469-484
[3] Yoshimura T, Sone S. 1990 Role of phosphatidylserine in membrane actions of tumor necrosis factor and interfoerons alpha and gamma. Biochem Int 20(4):697-705
[4] Cohen SA,Mueller WE.1992. Age related alterations in the mouse forebrain:partial restoration by chronic phosphatidylserine treatment. Brain Res 584: 174-180
[5] Moynagh PN, Williams DC.1992. Stabilization of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine acceptor by specific phospholipids. Biochem Pharmacol 43(9): 1939-1945
[6] D.O.Kennedy, C.F Haskell, P.L Mauri, A.B Scholey.2007. Acute cognitive effects of standardized Ginkgo biliba extract conplexed with phosphatidylserine. Hum.Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2007 ;22:199-210
[7] Pedata F et.al. 1985. Phosphatidylserine increases acetylcholine release from cortical slices in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 6(4): 337-339
[8] Benowitz LI et.al. 2000. ¡ÈGAP-43:an intrinsic determinant of neuronal development and plasticity¡É. Trends Neurosci 20(2):84-91
[9] Gianotti C et.al. 1993. B-50/GAP-43 phosphorylation in hippocampal slices from aged rats: effects of phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol Aging 14(5): 401-406
[10] ¼ò°æ Àµ»Î, ²ÃÆ£ ¹ë¿Í. 2010. ÂçƦ¥Û¥¹¥Õ¥¡¥Á¥¸¥ë¥»¥ê¥ó¤ÎǾµ¡Ç½²þÁ±¸ú²Ì Anti-aging Science 2(2): 57-61
[11] Calderon C, Huang ZH, Gage DA, et.al. 1994. Isolation of a nitric oxide inhibitor from mammary tumor cells and its characterization as phosphatidylserine. J Exp Med 180: 945-958
[12] Venema RC, Sayegh HS, Arnal JF, et.al. 1995. Role of enzyme calmodulin-binding domain in membrane association and phospholipid inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Bio Chem 270: 14705-14711
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[15] Nunzi MG, Milan F, Guidolin D, Toffano G. 1987. Dendritic spine loss in hippocampus of aged rats Effect of brain phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol Aging 8:501-510
[16] Cenacchi T, Bertoldin T, Farina C, et.al. 1993. Cognitive decline in the elderly: a double-blind,placebo-controlled multicenter study on efficacy of phosphatidylserine administration. Aging(Milano) 5:123-133
[17] Monteleone P,Beinat L, Tanzillo C, et.al. 1990. Effects of phosphatidylserine on the neuroendocrine response to physical stress in humans. Neuroendocrinology 52:243-248
[18] Monteleone P, Maj M, Beinat L, et.al. 1992. Blunting by chronic hosphatidylserine administration of the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 42:385-388
[19] Maggioni M, Picotti GB, Bondiolotti GP,et.al. Effects of hosphatidylserine therapy in geriatric patients with depressive disdoers. Acta psychiatr Scand 81:265-270
[20] Crook T,Petrie W, Wells C, Massari DC. 1992. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer¡Çs disease. Psychopharmacol 42:385-388
[21] Amaducci L. 1988. Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer¡Çs disease: results of a multicenter study. Psychopharmacol Bull 24:130-134
[22] Parris M. 1999. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integratetive management of cognitive dysfunction. Alternative Medicine Review 4(3):144-161

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